NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities module
This module contains utility functions for geometry calculations.
Inparticular to calculate time delays between positions for a given arrival direction and to simulate reflection and refraction at boundaries between different media.
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_time_delay_from_direction(zenith, azimuth, positions, n=1.000293)[source]
Calculate the time delay between given positions for an arrival direction
- Parameters:
- zenith: float [rad]
Zenith angle in convention up = 0
- azimuth: float [rad]
Azimuth angle in convention East = 0, counter-clock-wise
- positions: array[N x 3]
Positions on ground
- n: float (default: 1.000293)
Index of reflection of propagation medium. By default, air is assumed
- Returns:
- times: np.array of floats
Time delays
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_efield_in_spherical_coords(efield, theta, phi)[source]
Get 3D electric field from cartesian coordinates in spherical coordinates, using the arrival directions theta and phi
- Parameters:
- efield: np.array
Electric field in cartesian coordinates
- theta: float
Zenith angle of the arriving signal
- phi: float
Azimuth angle of the arriving signal
- Returns:
- np.array
Electric field in spherical coordinates
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_fresnel_angle(zenith_incoming, n_2=1.3, n_1=1.0)[source]
Apply Snell’s law for given zenith angle, when a signal travels from n1 to n2
- Parameters:
- zenith_incoming: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- n_2: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is transmitted into
- n_1: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is coming from
- Returns:
- float
Fresnel angle
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_fresnel_t_p(zenith_incoming, n_2=1.3, n_1=1.0)[source]
returns the coefficient t which is the ratio of the transmitted wave’s electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave for parallel polarization (p-wave) this polarization corresponds to the eTheta polarization
parallel and perpendicular refers to the signal’s polarization with respect to the ‘plane of incident’ which is defined as: “the plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.”
- Parameters:
- zenith_incoming: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- n_2: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is transmitted into
- n_1: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is coming from
- Returns:
- float
Fresnel coefficient t for theta (parallel) polarization
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_fresnel_t_s(zenith_incoming, n_2=1.3, n_1=1.0)[source]
returns the coefficient t which is the ratio of the transmitted wave’s electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave for perpendicular polarization (s-wave) this polarization corresponds to the ePhi polarization
parallel and perpendicular refers to the signal’s polarization with respect to the ‘plane of incident’ which is defined as: “the plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.”
- Parameters:
- zenith_incoming: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- n_2: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is transmitted into
- n_1: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is coming from
- Returns:
- float
Fresnel coefficient t for phi (perpendicular) polarization
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_fresnel_r_p(zenith_incoming, n_2=1.3, n_1=1.0)[source]
returns the coefficient r which is the ratio of the reflected wave’s electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave for parallel polarization (p-wave) this polarization corresponds to the eTheta polarization
parallel and perpendicular refers to the signal’s polarization with respect to the ‘plane of incident’ which is defined as: “the plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.”
- Parameters:
- zenith_incoming: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- n_2: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is reflected from
- n_1: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is coming from
- Returns:
- float
Fresnel coefficient r for theta (parallel) polarization
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.get_fresnel_r_s(zenith_incoming, n_2=1.3, n_1=1.0)[source]
returns the coefficient r which is the ratio of the reflected wave’s electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave for perpendicular polarization (s-wave) this polarization corresponds to the ePhi polarization
parallel and perpendicular refers to the signal’s polarization with respect to the ‘plane of incident’ which is defined as: “the plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.”
- Parameters:
- zenith_incoming: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- n_2: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is reflected from
- n_1: float
Refractive index of the medium the signal is coming from
- Returns:
- float
Fresnel coefficient r for phi (perpendicular) polarization
- NuRadioReco.utilities.geometryUtilities.fresnel_factors_and_signal_zenith(detector, station, channel_id, zenith)[source]
Returns the zenith angle at the antenna and the fresnel coefficients t for theta (parallel) and phi (perpendicular) polarization. Handles potential refraction into the firn if that applies to the antenna position. WARNING: for deeper channels this function might be inacccurate. Consider using raytracing.
parallel and perpendicular refers to the signal’s polarization with respect to the ‘plane of incident’ which is defined as: “the plane of incidence is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation.
- Parameters:
- detector: NuRadioReco.detector.Detector
Detector object
- station: NuRadioReco.detector.Station
Station object
- channel_id: int
Channel ID of the desired channel
- zenith: float
Zenith angle of the incoming signal
- Returns:
- zenith_antenna: float
Zenith angle at the antenna (potentially including refraction)
- t_theta: float
Fresnel transmission coefficient for theta polarization
- t_phi: float
Fresnel transmission coefficient for phi polarization